Two cases of Salmonella breast abscess in pregnancy: a diagnostic challenge

Breast abscess in pregnancy due to Salmonella has been very rarely reported in the literature and most of the cases till now are due to unknown risk factors or in otherwise immunocompromised adults. Localized disease can occur due to bacteremia followed by seeding of bacteria at distant sites. We report two cases of breast abscess in pregnancy cause by Salmonella typhi where drainage of abscess and appropriate antibiotics helped in complete resolution.

In vitro evaluation of octenidine as an antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus epidermidis in disinfecting the root canal system

OBJECTIVES: Irrigants are imperative in endodontic therapy for the elimination of pathogens from the infected root canal. The present study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) with chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) for root canal disinfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained using serial dilution method. The agar diffusion method was then used to determine the zones of inhibition for each irrigant. Lastly, forty 6-mm dentin blocks were prepared from human mandibular premolars and inoculated with S. epidermidis. Samples were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 blocks and irrigated for 3 minutes with saline (control), 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, or 0.1% OCT. Dentin samples were then collected immediately for microbial analysis, including an analysis of colony-forming units (CFUs). RESULTS: The MICs of each tested irrigant were 0.05% for CHX, 0.25% for NaOCl, and 0.0125% for OCT. All tested irrigants showed concentration-dependent increase in zones of inhibition, and 3% NaOCl showed the largest zone of inhibition amongst all tested irrigants (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the CFU measurements of 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, and 0.1% OCT showing complete elimination of S. epidermidis in all samples. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that OCT was comparable to or even more effective than CHX and NaOCl, demonstrating antimicrobial activity at low concentrations against S. epidermidis.

Níveis de metaloproteinases da matriz 8 e 9 na periodontite / Levels of gingival crevicular metalloproteinases-8 and -9 in periodontitis

Objetivo: Determinar os níveis de matriz GCF metaloproteinases 8 (MMP-8) e metaloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) em indivíduos saudáveis e com periodontite.Método: Dez pacientes com doença peridontal e 10 sujeitos saudáveis compuseram a amostra. As análises foram realizadas no Jain Diagnostic Centre, Nova Déli, Índia. O consentimento informado foi obtidos para todos os sujeitos. Níveis presentes no sulco crevicular de MMP-8 e MMP-9 foram determinados por meio do ELISA em ambos os grupos. Dois examinadores analisaram os parâmetros clínicos periodontais e a saliva não estimulada foi coletada. A perda de inserção óssea clínica foi determinada por meio da mensuração dos sítios interproximais.Resultados: Valores significativamente elevador de MMP-* e MMP-9 foram diagnosticados nos portadores de periodontite quando comparado aos indivíduos saudáveis.Conclusão: A presença no fluido crevicular de MMP-8 e MMP-9 servem como biomarcadores da doença periodontal e auxiliam na detecção precoce da periodontite.